DNA Testing Blog - DNA Paternity, Sibling, & Biological Family Testing

Scott Disick to Take a Paternity Test

dnatesting101 — Wed, 15 May 2013 14:58:07 +0000

The Kardashian family has recently made headlines again, as someone from Kourtney’s past claims paternity of her three-year-old son Mason. Kourtney Kardashian has been in a relationship with model, reality star and businessman Scott Disick since 2006 who contends that he fathered the child. The couple also has an infant daughter together.

Model Suggests Tryst

Model Michael Girgenti came forward in 2009 proclaiming that he fathered Mason during an intimate tryst that he and Kardashian shared. Girgenti claims that he worked with Kardashian on a photo shoot while she and Disick were separated. He further goes on to explain the details of the incident, which he suggests led to the birth of the boy nine months later.

Though Girgenti continues claiming paternity and possible legal rights to the child, Kardashian holds that the allegations are lies. Disick reportedly agreed that submitting to a paternity test would end the allocations once and for all.

Girgenti remains confident that testing will prove that Disick is not the father. He also hopes that when the truth becomes evident that Kardashian might agree to Girgenti’s request for a relationship with the child, believing that the boy has the right to know his biological father.

Prevalence of DNA Testing

Every year, hundreds of thousands of men submit to DNA testing, as court evidence for declaring or denying paternity. Genetics Testing Laboratories performs thousands of tests for women who require confirmation of a child’s father while in pursuit of support. Occasionally, men suspect a partner of infidelity and desire testing as proof that they did not father a child. In any event, tests available to the public require nothing more than swabbing the inside of the mouth of the child and one or both of the parents.

Process of Testing

Once the laboratory receives the specimens provided by the in-home kits, staff evaluate the child’s DNA sample for the genetic markers provided by the parents. The laboratory then isolates the genetic markers in question from the child and compares them to the parent. Using a genetic based algorithm database, the lab analyzes the parent’s DNA for the likelihood of paternity. The algorithm provides the test results as a percentage. The higher the percentage of similarity, the greater the chance that the man fathered the child.

Legally Binding Home Testing

When required for determination by a court of law, subjects choose legally binding home test kits, available at GTLDNA.com. The lab ships the American Association of Blood Banks accredited test kits to an unbiased third party who supervises the DNA collecting procedure. The enclosed paperwork requires the signatures of the witness and test subjects. Required documentation must also include signed photographic evidence of each test subject. The witness then seals all of the lab samples and documentation in the envelope provided and ships the contents to the lab via a courier service. Clients receive results in three to five business days following receipt of the samples.

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Three Women Found Alive After Missing for a Decade

dnatesting101 — Thu, 09 May 2013 14:39:17 +0000

Michelle Knight, age 32, had been missing since 2002. Amanda Berry had been missing since 2003. A third woman, Gina DeJesus was abducted in 2004 at the tender age of 14, while walking home from school. All three women are victims of a sadistic serial abductor who were found alive nearly 10 years later. Recent news reports have stated that they were confined to a house in Cleveland, Ohio.

It is believed that Ariel Castro, age 52, and two of his brothers had kept the women chained and locked inside the suburban Cleveland residence. It has been confirmed that the women were beaten, raped and tortured on a daily basis for over a decade.

Berry was last seen on April 21, 2003. At the time, the 16-year-old was walking home from her job at a local Burger King restaurant, when she suddenly went missing. Family members became concerned when she did not arrive home for her birthday party, later that evening.

On May 6, 2013, Berry made a desperate escape attempt and wanted to return back home. She successfully phoned police from a neighbor’s house, which facilitated their rescue.

The three abductees are said to have potentially known Castro, making it believable that he could have easily swayed them into entering his web. Upon entering the house where Berry and her captive comrades were being held, police found a plethora of chains, ties and other apparatuses used in their 10 years of tortured captivity.

Neighbor Charles Ramsey : ‘I Got Amanda Berry, Send the Police Out’

WKYC in Cleveland is reporting that all three women were forced into sexual encounters with their captors on numerous occasions, which may have resulted in at least five pregnancies during their time spent captive. At least one child is believed to be born from Amanda Berry, survived and was rescued alongside the abducted trio.

Leading the way in law enforcement’s case against the suspected captors, is scientifically-accurate DNA testing. The process, which identifies specific genomic markers in a person’s genetic makeup can be used to accurately determine kinship, parenthood and other relationships via comparison. It can also assist in sexual assault identification. This form of scientific demarcation will seal the prosecution’s case against the men accused of this despicable act.

DNA testing has become a major force in assisting police with its crime solving applications. When biological crime scene evidence is collected properly, valuable DNA can be found, and extruded. Therefore, it is capable of identifying the perpetrator(s) of current and past crimes via the creation of a nationwide database.

Collected DNA profiles at the local, state and federal levels have greatly enhanced law enforcement’s efficiency. Offender databases store millions of DNA profiles. Against them, DNA profiles that have been developed from crime scene evidence can be analyzed and closely compared.

Swiss Tourist Gang Raped in India

dnatesting101 — Mon, 06 May 2013 15:33:43 +0000

A 39-year-old woman was gang raped by four men while camping with her husband in the India Datia district forest. The couple had been on a cycling tour, which had started on February third. The husband was beaten, robbed and tied to a tree. Six men were involved, but two overpowered the husband, while the other four men raped the woman. They stole a laptop and 10,000 rupees, which is the equivalent to $185 American dollars. The woman was in shock and hospitalized.

The men all came from the village of Jharia, and each confessed to the crime. The trial began on March 30th. There are some unusual laws and events regarding this case, which include:

Confessions are not admissible in court
Confessions can be retracted
Twenty people have been detained for questioning
The Swiss ambassador to India has spoken with the couple, offering his support, and pushed for a speedy trial/justice.

In this case the senior law enforcement officials have adequate forensic evidence to convict the men. They claim their scientific evidence collected at the scene is more than adequate to prove the charges. The authorities collected vaginal swabs, samples of hair and fingerprints. They are also submitting a 100-page charge sheet to the court without a test identification parade by the accused as it was too dark for the victim to recognize her attackers. The laptop and money was found and returned to the owners.

Earlier this year, a 23-year-old woman was gang raped on a New Delhi bus and later died, which sparked outrage throughout India, hence their new implemented laws. India has recently passed the toughest anti-rape laws in their history due to the increase in rapes against women.

The minimum sentence for gang rape ranges from 10 to 20 years in prison, and perpetrators can get sentences for life imprisonment as well. In addition, India has issued a travel notice that warns people about the “increasing number of rapes and other sexual offenses.” One of the prisoners was found dead in prison, and it is unclear as to whether he committed suicide or if he was murdered.

Forensic evidence is tested by labs like the Genetic Testing Laboratories, Inc., which is a fully accredited laboratory. This laboratory uses the most advanced technology available. They offer a large variety of tests with a guarantee of accuracy. The tests include:

DNA Paternity testing, maternity DNA testing, Siblingship testing, Grandparent testing and more.
DNA Predisposition Testing is available, which reveals genetic predisposition to specific diseases.
Ancestral origin DNA testing that is compared to hundreds of global populations
Naturalization Service/Department of human Services uses GTL labs for immigration services.

This laboratory is accredited by numerous facilities, including the American Association of Blood Banks, the National Association of Testing Authorities, Safe Harbor, International Accreditation Forum (ISO) and A2LA, which is the largest multi-discipline laboratory accreditation system in the United States that is recognized by the European Union.

Fingerprints and other DNA evidence play a major role in trials today. It is more reliable than an eye witness as the results are accurate and provide validation.

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New DNA Test to Identify Food Ingredients

dnatesting101 — Thu, 25 Apr 2013 13:47:42 +0000

When most people think of DNA testing, episodes of Maury come to mind. Their focus is all about people, and DNA testing often focuses on human genes. However, this isn’t always the case. For example, scientists have been working a new genetic test that would be able to test ingredients in food. For most people, reading the list on the back of the package is good enough, but this test would offer solid answers that no manufacturer could refute.

This new test by the Institute of Molecular Genetics, Genetic Security Research and Consulting at Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (JGU) is able to detect ingredients derived from plants and animals as well as microbes thanks to DNA sequencing. Of course, it’s not something that will happen to every family dinner, but it does have its uses. For example, DNA screening could help people who suffer from food sensitivities and allergies remove those concerns from their diet permanently. Food inspectors already exist, and they’re pretty excited about this turn of events.

Thus far, the tests have successfully detected horse meat in food content, which highlights another use. Consumers always want to know that they’re getting what they pay for and that it’s actually safe for consumption. Not only did the test detect the horse meat that made up just 1% of the food, but it could say with accuracy how much of the food was horse meat. In fact, food manufacturers that have made a habit of lying about the contents of their products could soon be facing lawsuits thanks to developments like these.

The USDA is also on the lookout for companies that might be making false claims. Most recent, the department has turned a critical eye to horse meat imported from locations such as Ireland, Poland and Iceland under the guise of beef. Ever since Ireland’s Food Safety Authority alerted the public that horse meat was present in some supposedly-beef products, safety committees around the world have been more concerned about what’s actually behind the label. This new test would make it even easier for those groups to determine the facts with accuracy.

Researchers are calling the DNA testing method “All-Food-Seq,” and they’ve been impressed with the results at this point. The test was able to locate mustard in a sausage, a product that can have many ingredients that the human eye cannot identify.

This isn’t the only development when it comes to food testing, however. QIAGEN has released a new test that requires just four hours, in comparison to the two days previously needed. Officials hope that these breakthroughs will help prevent scandals like the one that the USDA is currently looking into from happening again in the future.

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Lawsuit Could Reveal Who Michael Jackson Biologically Fathered

dnatesting101 — Thu, 18 Apr 2013 15:08:26 +0000

Michael Jackson’s family anticipates going to court again in the near future. This time, the battle entails suing the AEG concert company for $40 million. The family claims the company contributed to the singer’s death by working him too hard in preparation for his “This Is It” tour. The company also reportedly hired Dr. Conrad Murray, the physician responsible for overdosing Jackson with the anesthetic medication known as propofol. In 2011, the court convicted Murray on felony involuntary manslaughter charges.

Family Secrets at Risk

The trial may bring to light some of Jackson’s best-kept secrets including who in fact fathered his children. In an effort to reveal the celebrity’s long pattern of bizarre behavior, the New York Post reports that AEG desires to reveal evidence that proves Prince and Paris are not Michael Jackson’s biological offspring. The company additionally claims that the 10-year-old boy known as Blanket does have genetic ties to the singer.

Upon hearing the news of this revelation, the Jackson family supposedly pleaded with the judge to not allow disclosure of this sensitive information. They argue that regardless of whether Jackson did or did not father the youngster’s remains irrelevant. The family contends that releasing the information to the public serves no purpose except to bring further pain to the family. AEG argues the truth concerning paternity carries much relevance to the case.

AEG Request Denied

Yvette Palazuelos, the judge presiding over the case, denied AEG’s request to present the evidence. However, the impending length of the trial may provide the company with the opportunity to admit information during later arguments. AEG insists that the company possesses concrete evidence that discloses the paternal identity of the eldest Jackson children. They also charge that while trying to protect Jackson’s reputation, the family purposely covered up the fact that the singer commonly consumed alcohol and that he had a strained relationship with family members.

Blanket is Michael’s Only Child

It is no secret that Jackson’s nurse Debbie Rowe was the eldest children’s biological mother. However, the identity of Blanket’s mother remains shrouded in mystery, although sources claim she is a Hispanic woman living in California. For years, Jackson faced speculation as to the identity of the biological father of the children. Dermatologist Arnold Klein claimed paternity, as did Jackson’s bodyguard and martial arts instructor Matt Fiddes. Great Britain based former child star Mark Lester also claims that he may have fathered at least one of the children.

Upon Jackson’s death, Fiddes requested that he and Paris undergo DNA testing to prove his biological connection with the teen. Regardless of who fathered the children, Prince, Paris and Blanket continue offering glowing praises of the singer as a wonderful father. Michael Jackson’s mother Katherine and his three children are the parties initiating the lawsuit. Reports indicate that jury selection begins during the first week in April.

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You Tuber Samantha Futerman Discovers Possible Twin

dnatesting101 — Mon, 15 Apr 2013 13:40:59 +0000

Anyone who has signed on Facebook in the past few weeks has likely noticed their friends and family sharing a certain type of post. Thanks to some notable cases where people were able to find their biological parents or long-lost siblings, everyone is using the web and social media in particular to try to locate people.

One of the most recent stories to make the rounds on social networks is that of Samantha Futerman, a blogger and actress. Samantha had lived in blissful ignorance for the past 25 years, but a message earlier this year turned the American’s world upside down. A young French woman of the same age and with similar features messaged her via Facebook, because she had discovered they shared the same birthday and were both adopted.

Ms. Futerman has never been shy about adoption. Although she loved her adopted parents, she had participated in videos such as the aptly-titled “How It Feels to Be Adopted,” which is available on her YouTube channel. In the video, Samantha discusses being of South Korean descent and living in New Jersey.

Anaïs Bordier was also adopted, shortly after watching Samantha Futerman’s video is when she noticed their stunning similarities. She then did some investigating only to suspect that Samantha might be her twin. Anais sent a friendly Facebook message to the then-stranger explaining her situation. While she didn’t want to come off as paranoid or too forward, Bordier found it too intriguing to pass up.

The pair have yet to meet, but they’re definitely planning on it. They’ve started a crowd-funded project to help them meet and film their experiences together as they discover whether or not they actually are twin sisters. Perhaps their documentary could include footage of them entering DNA testing labs for a Twin Zygosity DNA test.

The project asked for $30,000, which the two have already surpassed. Samantha plans to travel to London and visit her potential sister. She also plans on taking film equipment with her to document her trip. The duo hopes to hire a talented editor to put together existing photos and videos with the shots they’ll take in a meaningful way.

Whether or not the pair actually are twins, there’s no doubt that each has a fantastic new friend and a story that will entertain their future children for years to come. The Internet is in a buzz over this story. Many users have replied with sentiments about how touching they found the stories. People who have had success finding their siblings through the years have given the two young women some helpful advice.

There’s no doubt that the proclivity of Internet users to share content has helped people like Samantha and Anais make discoveries even when they weren’t looking for anything, and it’s unlikely that theirs will be the last story you read.

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Roger Ebert’s Thoughts Regarding DNA and Evolution

dnatesting101 — Mon, 08 Apr 2013 18:23:12 +0000

The metropolis of Chicago and countless fans around the world mourn the recent passing of journalist, screenwriter and most notable film critic, Roger Ebert. Ebert’s wife Chaz, has stated cancer rapidly plagued his body. Ebert’s personal views on creation and God influenced many to call him an atheist, which he often denied. However, he has admitted to not having traditional views. Ebert preferred scientific explanations for the nature of the world around us was Darwin’s Theory of Evolution.

Theory of Evolution

Some suggested that Darwin’s ideas concerning evolution represented the “best theory in the history of science.” Current advancements in technology and science extend light years beyond Darwin’s theory and include the possibility of genetic evaluation. Darwin’s theory revolves around the principles of heredity, natural selection and variation. Until the discovery of DNA, researchers did not possess the knowledge of microscopic evidence. This particular evidence eventually shed light on the accuracy of his suppositions.

Symbiogenesis

Before fully understanding the importance of genetic information concerning cellular reproduction, Russian biologist Konstantin Mereschkowsky proposed that alterations occurred because of symbiogeneisis. He suggested involved bacterial invasion, which caused the development and alteration of the organelles found within cells. Swedish professor Ivan Wallin and biologist Lynn Margulis also shared this theory.

Horizontal DNA Transfer-Researchers later discovered this method of transferring DNA, which entails genetic information passing from one cell to the next without the necessity of reproduction by cellular division. Scientists found that cells may transmit genetic data by direct contact with another cell, by using chemical transmitters coming in contact with another cell or by inserting data into a virus. The virus invades a cell and mixes the cellular DNA with that contained in the virus.

Epigenesis

This process explains how cells differentiate during division and transform into bones, muscles and connective tissue along with varied bodily organs. Scientists now know that epigenesis occurs for a number of reasons that include DNA sequences initiating or preventing specific genes, chemical alterations in the cell and environmental factors outside the cell.

Benefits of DNA Testing

While Charles Darwin traveled the world observing animal and plant species in an effort to understand how generations changed from one to the next, modern researchers merely evaluate DNA sequences. With the ability of gene marking and sequencing, DNA testing laboratories can now capably trace an individual’s genetic ancestry to hundreds of populations located in over one dozen regions around the world. Anyone interested in learning about their ancestral origins need merely send for a convenient test kit.

In the privacy of one’s home, acquiring samples for genetic information entails swabbing the inside of the cheek. After receiving a client’s kit, the laboratory identifies gene sequences and compares these with an international database. In three to five days, clients receive a detailed report explaining the laboratory findings.

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Shakespeare Sonnets Encoded in DNA

dnatesting101 — Thu, 04 Apr 2013 16:13:27 +0000

While electronics engineers continually amaze consumers with technology that boasts more functions and greater memory capacity, researchers recently discovered a secret in nature that may revolutionize data storage. Using this natural wonder in space barely visible, scientists successfully stored the amount of information commonly held by approximately one million CDs. The wonderment capable of handling this vast amount of data is none other than deoxyribonucleic acid, commonly known as DNA.

Researchers acknowledge that many secrets contained within DNA remain uncovered. These invisible components of life hold the information necessary for recreating every living thing on the planet. Scientists now believe that this common but miniscule genetic material may hold the key to storing the ever-growing amounts of data created in the current technological society.

The size of the DNA strand required for harboring the phenomenal quantity of information appeared only slightly visible when contained within a test tube. The data that scientists recorded onto the DNA included all of Shakespeare’s 154 sonnets, a photograph, a complete scientific paper and a brief sound clip of one of Martin Luther King Mr.‘s speeches.

Researchers accomplished the feat by transforming a traditional binary code using the first four letters found in the nucleic bases of DNA. Adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine comprise DNA. With this knowledge, scientists took the A, C, G and T for their DNA code. The initial attempt entailed using the A and C for the binary 0 coded, and the G and T represented the 1 code. However, the men encountered complications when translating the data back into a binary code. Scientists then created a more sophisticated code that more closely resembled the variations often found in DNA.

The new code converts one byte of data into a five-letter word made from the four letters. Scientists then combined these words into strings containing 117 letters each. They then overlapped these sequences, making decoding more consistent. The new code proved 100 percent successful and accurate. The storing process merely requires placing the synthetically produced DNA in a cold, dark, dry environment for indefinite lengths of time. This method of storage may hold the possibility of protecting data for centuries.

Scientists uncovered the resilience of DNA after extracting the code from a mammoth encased in ice for over 60,000 years. The durability of this incredible natural technology makes DNA encoding virtually destruction proof. DNA may prove a viable means of protecting our entire culture and library for eons. Sequencing and translating methods may change over time, but the code that forms the basis of all life never varies.

The research team believes that the ramifications for data storage using DNA remain staggering. The men suspect that given the recent discovery, a mere 41 grams of DNA might ably protect one quadrillion bytes of information. Until scientists simplify the method, the process requires too many complexities for everyday use.

While some may fear that researchers may use this coding for turning humans or other living things into science fiction super spies, scientists reassuringly claim that that scenario remains unlikely. The coding process required for this technology prevents insertion into living DNA. Anyone interested in the uses for identifying human DNA should visit GTLDNA.com.

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Why Should I Take a Paternity Test?

dnatesting101 — Thu, 28 Mar 2013 14:27:51 +0000

The American Association of Blood Banks reports that laboratories perform over 300,000 paternity tests annually. This equates to laboratories receiving over 900,000 samples every year. The simplicity and relatively low cost of undergoing the tests account for the ever-increasing numbers of DNA tests performed.

Reasons for Paternity Testing

One of the most common reasons that individuals undergo a paternity test is to show proof of the identity for a biological father. Occasionally, a former female partner can confront a man claiming that he fathered the child through a brief intimate relationship. Men may suspect their female significant other of adultery and request a DNA paternity test in an attempt at determining the true heritage of a child. Similarly, grandparents may suspect promiscuity occurred and desire to verify their relationship to a child. Following the death of a parent, young adults may discover that the parent may not have had a biological tie and desire to learn their identity.

DNA Sample Collection Process

Anyone in need of DNA testing can order one to three test kits from a certified laboratory. Samples required for acquiring genetic material entails swabbing the inside of the cheek with a device that appears similar to a large cotton swab. Individuals then insert swabs into each individual container with the necessary information and send the kit back to the lab.

Depending on the facility, laboratories complete tests within one to six weeks. Individuals typically receive the test results by mail. If a court determination depends on the results of the test, they must purchase legally binding tests which require notarized signatures of the people chosen to serve as the witness or witnesses during the swabbing process.

Distinguishing between Two Possible Fathers

Samples obtained from the mother, child and more than one man provide more than enough genetic information for proving the paternity of either man with 99.99 percent accuracy. When a test on two related men is required, test results may exhibit lower numbers compared to tests of two unrelated men. If the men are twins, there is no possibility of accurately identifying the father.

The DNA Testing Process

Each child receives 23 chromosomes from their mother and 23 chromosomes from their father. Each cell contains a combination of these chromosomes for a total of 23 chromosomes. DNA tests analyze the chromosomes of the mother, the chromosomes of the father and compare these sequences with samples obtained from the child.

The accuracy of the testing process varies between laboratories. Some only identify DNA using five chromosomal markers while others use 16. The more markers identified and used for comparison increases the accuracy of identification. Each parent contributes these 16 markers to the child. The DNA of the parent in question must have all 16 markers. Technicians then compare these markers with a large database for any other possible matches. Using the general population as a guide, the results indicate the probability that a particular man contributed the DNA found in the child.

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Prevent Rare Diseases with Gene-Patch Medicines

dnatesting101 — Tue, 26 Mar 2013 15:42:12 +0000

The overall focus of medicine is a concept that has been highly structured for several decades. Many modern day physicians now offer personalized approaches to help fight their patient’s illness. New waves of alternative drugs have been able to effectively target patients with specific needs. Ultimately, these new “personalized drugs” can potentially pose a threat to the thousands of mainstream drugs available today. New DNA-based drugs focus on providing a more effective solution to overcoming and preventing rare diseases.

Dr. Stephen B. Shrewsbury, MD is the author of Defy Your DNA. One of Dr. Shrewsbury’s many goals in writing this book is to provide hope to those faced with a rare genetic disease. Throughout the book, he discusses the introduction of various “gene-patch” medicines. These gene patch therapies will be able to help thousands of Americans identify and prevent diseases before they become ill.

Defy Your DNA offers insight to how specialized drugs can patch up mistakes located in our DNA. The rare diseases that can be adverted include Muscular Dystrophy and Lou Gehrig’s disease. It is reported that these medications will also be able to tackle cancer, asthma and high cholesterol. Shrewsbury is paving the way for a more direct and targeted approach to becoming familiar with your DNA as well as offering a solution to health issues that were previously recognized as terminal.

Shrewsbury has dedicated the book to those who have previously participated in a drug study of some sort. He recognizes that without these brave individuals, new drugs or advances in pharmaceuticals would not be possible. Defy Your DNA begins by discussing the evolution of medicine and where it stands now. Dr. Shrewsbury makes note of how generalized medicine has shifted into a more personal approach.

One of the most interesting chapters would have to be “New Drugs for Bad Bugs” which further explains how new medicines will block harmful viruses. Today, Dr. Shrewsbury has established Shrewd Consulting LLC which encourages and advises biotechnology and biopharmaceutical companies who also seek to develop new drugs which will combat genetic disorders.

Three main ways on how gene patches will revolutionize medicine, include:

They are designed reproducibly and are incredibly accurate, to patch a tiny piece including 30 letters of the human genome’s 3 billion letters. Once the sequences of those letters have been determined, the gene patches can be built quickly.
Gene patch medication can target various parts of the human genome. It can prevent and counter rare diseases that are treated poorly or not at all by today’s sophisticated medicines.
Once the FDA has gained experience with some of these gene patches, companies developing new ones will use the same basic backbone chemistry, which will allow faster development and path to approval for a wide range of new drugs. This will ensure more medicine is readily available to treat more people; many with challenging diseases who have been neglected until now.

“A number of these drugs currently in research could be submitted to the FDA for final approval in the next year” says Shrewsbury. “A big benefit with this new type of medicine is that the early phase of drug development before clinical trials start takes less time, in some cases, days instead of years. These medications will literally revolutionize healthcare.”